“Focus
is on communication patterns within a family, both verbal and nonverbal”
(Gerald & Corey, 2013).
PEOPLE
ASSOCIATED WITH THE THEORY:
Alfred
Adler
Murray
Bowen
Virginia
Satir
Carl
Whitaker
Salvador
Minuchin
Jay
Haley and Cloe Madanes
GOALS OF THE
THEORY:
“To help
family members gain awareness of patterns of relationships that are not working
well and to create new ways of interacting” (Gerald & Corey, 2013).
TECHNIQUES USED:
“A
variety of techniques may be used, depending on the particular theoretical
orientation of the therapist” (Gerald & Corey, 2013).
“Core
principles of feminist therapy are that the personal is political, therapists
have a commitment to social change, women’s voices and ways of knowing are
valued and women’s experiences are honored, the counseling relationship is
egalitarian, therapy focuses on strengths and a reformulated definition of
psychological distress, and all types of oppression are recognized” (Gerald &
Corey, 2013).
PEOPLE
ASSOCIATED WITH THE THEORY:
Jean Baker
Miller, MD
Carolyn Zerbe
Enns, PhD
Oliva M. Espin,
PhD
Laura S. Brown,
PhD
GOALS OF THE
THEORY:
“To
bring about transformation both in the individual client and in society.To assist clients in recognizing, claiming,
and using their personal power to free themselves from the limitations of
gender-role socialization.To confront
all forms of institutional policies that discriminate or oppress on any basis”
(Gerald & Corey, 2013).
TECHNIQUES USED:
“Although
techniques from traditional approaches are used, feminist practitioners tend to
employ consciousness-raising techniques aimed at helping clients recognize the
impact of gender-role socialization on their lives.Other techniques frequently used include
gender-role analysis and intervention, power analysis and intervention,
demystifying therapy, bibliography, journal writing, therapist self-disclosure,
assertiveness training, reframing and relabeling, cognitive restructuring,
identifying and challenging untested beliefs, role playing, psychodramatic
methods, group work, and social action” (Gerald & Corey).
“The
basic focus is on what clients are doing and how to get them to evaluate
whether their present actions are working for them.People are mainly motivated to satisfy their
needs, especially the need for significant relationships.The approach rejects the medical model, the
notion of transference, the unconscious, and dwelling on one’s past” (Gerald &
Corey, 2013).
PEOPLE
ASSOCIATED WITH THE THEORY:
“William
Glasser (b. 1925) became convinced that it was of paramount importance that
clients accept personal responsibility for their behavior” (Gerald & Corey,
2013).
“Robert
Wubbold, EdD (b.1936) extended the theory and practice of reality therapy with
his conceptualization of the WDEP system” (Gerald & Corey, 2013).
GOALS OF THE
THEORY:
“To help
people become more effective in meeting all of their psychological needs.To enable clients to get reconnected with the
people they have chosen to put into their quality worlds and teach clients
choice theory” (Gerald & Corey, 2013).
TECHNIQUES USED:
“This is
an active, directive, and didactic therapy.Skillful questioning is a central technique used for the duration of the
therapy process.Various techniques may
be used to get clients to evaluate what they are presently doing to see if they
are willing to change.If clients decide
that their present behavior is not effective, they develop a specific plan for
change and make a commitment to follow through” (Gerald & Corey, 2013).
“Although
psychological problems may be rooted in childhood, they are reinforced by
present ways of thinking.A person’s
belief system is the primary cause of disorders.Internal dialogue plays a central role in
one’s behavior.Clients focus on
examining faulty assumptions and misconceptions and on replacing these with
effective beliefs” (Gerald & Corey, 2013).
PEOPLE
ASSOCIATED WITH THE THEORY:
“B.F.
Skinner (1904-1990) was a prominent spokesperson for behaviorism and can be
considered the father of the behavioral approach to psychology.Most of Skinner’s work was of an experimental
nature in the laboratory, but others have applied his ideas to teaching,
managing human problems, and social planning” (Gerald & Corey, 2013).
“Albert
Bandura (b. 1925) and his colleagues did pioneering work in the area of social
modeling and demonstrated that modeling is a powerful process that explains
diverse forms of learning” (Gerald & Corey, 2013).
“Arnold
A. Lazarus (b. 1932) is a pioneer in clinical behavior therapy and the
developer of multimodal, the treatment is cognitive behavioral and draws on
empirically supported methods” (Gerald & Corey, 2013).
GOALS OF THE
THEORY:
“To
teach clients to confront faulty beliefs with contradictory evidence that they
gather and evaluate.To help clients
seek out their faulty beliefs and minimize them.To become aware of automatic thoughts and to
change them” (Gerald & Corey, 2013).
TECHNIQUES USED:
“Therapists
use a variety of cognitive, emotive, and behavioral techniques; diverse methods
are tailored to suit individual clients.This is an active, directive, time-limited, present-centered,
psychoeducational, structured therapy.Some techniques include engaging in Socratic dialogue, collaborative
empiricism, debating irrational beliefs, carrying out homework assignments,
gathering data on assumptions one has made, keeping a record of activities,
forming alternative interpretations, learning new coping skills, changing one’s
language and thinking patterns, role playing, imagery, confronting faulty
beliefs, self-instructional training, and stress inoculation training” (Gerald
& Corey, 2013).
KEY CONCEPTS:
"Focus is on overt behavior, precision in specifying goals of treatment, development of specific treatment plans, and objective evaluation of therapy outcomes. Present behavior is given attention. Therapy is based on the principles of learning theory. Normal behavior is learned through reinforcement and imitation. Abnormal behavior is the result of faulty learning" (Gerald & Corey, 2013).
PEOPLE ASSOCIATED WITH THE THEORY:
"B.F. Skinner (1904 - 1990) was a prominent spokesperson for behaviorism and can be considered the father of the behavioral approach to psychology. Skinner championed radical behaviorism, which places primary emphasis on the effects of environment on behavior" (Gerald & Corey, 2013).
"Albert Bandura (b. 1925) and his colleagues did pioneering work in the area of social modeling and demonstrated that modeling is a powerful process that explains diverse forms of learning. He explored social learning theory and the prominent role of observational learning and social modeling in human motivation, thought, and action" (Gerald & Corey, 2013).
GOALS OF THEORY:
"To eliminate maladaptive behaviors and learn more effective behaviors. To identify factors that influence behavior and find out what can be done about problematic behavior. To encourage clients to take an active and collaborative role in clearly setting treatment goals and evaluating how well these goals are being met" (Gerald & Corey, 2013).
TECHNIQUES USED:
"The therapist is active and directive and functions as a teacher or mentor in helping clients learn more effective behavior. Clients must be active in the process and experiment with new behaviors. Although a quality client-therapist relationship is not viewed as sufficient to bring about change, it it considered essential for implementing behavioral procedures" (Gerald & Corey, 2013).
